cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include

3 (January 2017), 45. Nearly all modern databases allow this type of attack if not configured properly to block it. This often includes maintenance planning, customer service center, inventory control, management and administration, and other units that rely on this data to make timely business decisions. Most control system networks are no longer directly accessible remotely from the Internet. Progress and Challenges in Securing the Nations Cyberspace, (Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security, July 2004), 136, available at <, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB424/docs/Cyber-019.pdf, Manual for the Operation of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System. An attacker can modify packets in transit, providing both a full spoof of the operator HMI displays and full control of the control system (see Figure 16). 23 For some illustrative examples, see Robert Jervis, Some Thoughts on Deterrence in the Cyber Era, Journal of Information Warfare 15, no. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. several county departments and government offices taken offline, 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute. (Sood A.K. , Adelphi Papers 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. CISA cites misconfigurations and poor security controls as a common reason why hackers can get initial access to sensitive data or company systems due to critical infrastructure. While the United States has ostensibly deterred strategic cyberattacks above the threshold of armed conflict, it has failed to create sufficient costs for adversaries below that threshold in a way that would shape adversary behavior in a desired direction.1 Effectively, this tide of malicious behavior represents a deterrence failure for strategic cyber campaigns below the use-of-force threshold; threat actors have not been dissuaded from these types of campaigns because they have not perceived that the costs or risks of conducting them outweigh the benefits.2 This breakdown has led to systemic and pervasive efforts by adversaries to leverage U.S. vulnerabilities and its large attack surface in cyberspace to conduct intellectual property theftincluding critical national security intellectual propertyat scale, use cyberspace in support of information operations that undermine Americas democratic institutions, and hold at risk the critical infrastructure that sustains the U.S. economy, national security, and way of life. For instance, deterrence may have more favorable prospects when it focuses on deterring specific types of behavior or specific adversaries rather than general cyber deterrence.30, Notably, there has been some important work on the feasibility of cross-domain deterrence as it pertains to the threat of employing noncyber kinetic capabilities to deter unwanted behavior in cyberspace. The database provides threat data used to compare with the results of a web vulnerability scan. Misconfigurations are the single largest threat to both cloud and app security. Most Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) identify themselves and the vendor who made them. large versionFigure 12: Peer utility links. A surgical attacker needs a list of the point reference numbers in use and the information required to assign meaning to each of those numbers. . DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . Actionable information includes potential system vulnerabilities, demonstrated means of exploitation of those vulnerabilities . Control is generally, but not always, limited to a single substation. Cyber threats to these systems could distort or undermine their intended uses, creating risks that these capabilities may not be reliably employable at critical junctures. large versionFigure 1: Communications access to control systems. The FY21 NDAA makes important progress on this front. Prior to 2014, many of DODs cybersecurity efforts were devoted to protecting networks and information technology (IT) systems, rather than the cybersecurity of the weapons themselves.41 Protecting IT systems is important in its own right. An engineering workstation provides a means to monitor and troubleshoot various aspects of the system operation, install and update program elements, recover from failures, and miscellaneous tasks associated with system administration. (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at <, https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF, ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons,, https://www.lawfareblog.com/digital-strangelove-cyber-dangers-nuclear-weapons, >; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability,, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, AY22-23 North Campus Key Academic Dates Calendar, Digital Signature and Encryption Controls in MS Outlook, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ232/PLAW-115publ232.pdf, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Optimizing the mix of service members, civilians and contractors who can best support the mission. . Foreign Intelligence Entities seldom use the Internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method a. 22 Daniel R. Coats, Annual Threat Assessment Opening Statement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 29, 2019, available at . What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. However, GAO reported in 2018 that DOD was routinely finding cyber vulnerabilities late in its development process. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. The Cyber Awareness training is intended to help the DOD workforce maintain awareness of known and emerging cyber threats, and reinforce best practices to keep information and systems secure. 115232August 13, 2018, 132 Stat. By inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted commands. Though the company initially tried to apply new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, its resources proved insufficient. False 3. 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. , ed. The DOD published the report in support of its plan to spend $1.66 trillion to further develop their major weapon systems. The strategic consequences of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, even more so, nucleardeterrence are acute. 1 (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. All of the above 4. Most control systems come with a vendor support agreement. Setting and enforcing standards for cybersecurity, resilience and reporting. The challenge of securing these complex systems is compounded by the interaction of legacy and newer weapons systemsand most DOD weapons platforms are legacy platforms. See also Martin C. Libicki, David Senty, and Julia Pollak, Hackers Wanted: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market, Julian Jang-Jaccard and Surya Nepal, A Survey of Emerging Threats in Cybersecurity,. The second most common architecture is the control system network as a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) off the business LAN (see Figure 4). Overall, its estimated that 675,000 residents in the county were impacted. . The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Furthermore, with networks becoming more cumbersome, there is a dire need to actively manage cyber security vulnerabilities. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. L. No. True Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? (Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation, 2018), O-1; Scott Boston et al., Assessing the Conventional Force Imbalance in Europe: Implications for Countering Russian Local Superiority, Gordon Lubold and Dustin Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege by Chinese Hackers, Review Asserts,, https://www.wsj.com/articles/navy-industry-partners-are-under-cyber-siege-review-asserts-11552415553. For example, as a complement to institutionalizing a continuous process for DOD to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of weapons systems, the department could formalize a capacity for continuously seeking out and remediating cyber threats across the entire enterprise. Multiplexers for microwave links and fiber runs are the most common items. The program grew out of the success of the "Hack the Pentagon". Most PLCs, protocol converters, or data acquisition servers lack even basic authentication. If cybersecurity requirements are tacked on late in the process, or after a weapons system has already been deployed, the requirements are far more difficult and costly to address and much less likely to succeed.53 In 2016, DOD updated the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS), establishing cybersecurity requirements for defense contractors based on standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. Therefore, DOD must also evaluate how a cyber intrusion or attack on one system could affect the entire missionin other words, DOD must assess vulnerabilities at a systemic level. Networks can be used as a pathway from one accessed weapon to attack other systems. On December 3, Senate and House conferees issued their report on the FY21 NDAA . An attacker could also chain several exploits together . In the FY21 NDAA, Congress incorporated elements of this recommendation, directing the Secretary of Defense to institutionalize a recurring process for cybersecurity vulnerability assessments that take[s] into account upgrades or other modifications to systems and changes in the threat landscape.61 Importantly, Congress recommended that DOD assign a senior official responsibilities for overseeing and managing this processa critical step given the decentralization of oversight detailed hereinthus clarifying the National Security Agencys Cybersecurity Directorates role in supporting this program.62 In a different section of the FY21 NDAA, Congress updated language describing the Principal Cyber Advisors role within DOD as the coordinating authority for cybersecurity issues relating to the defense industrial base, with specific responsibility to synchronize, harmonize, de-conflict, and coordinate all policies and programs germane to defense industrial base cybersecurity, including acquisitions and contract enforcement on matters pertaining to cybersecurity.63. An attacker will attempt to gain access to internal vendor resources or field laptops and piggyback on the connection into the control system LAN. Within the Intelligence Community, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence also plays a role in supply chain security through its counterintelligence mission, which includes the defense industrial base. This provides an added layer of protection because no communications take place directly from the control system LAN to the business LAN. Estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every minute, with 58% of all malware being trojan accounts. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA The attacker must know how to speak the RTU protocol to control the RTU. Cyber Defense Infrastructure Support. Through the mutual cooperation between industry and the military in securing information, the DoD optimizes security investments, secures critical information, and provides an . 114-92, 20152016, available at <, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ92/PLAW-114publ92.pdf, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 202. 65 Nuclear Posture Review (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons, Lawfare, March 12, 2020, available at ; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability, Orbis 60, no. While the Pentagon report has yet to be released, a scathing report on Defense Department weapons systems [2] published early this October by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) [] Given the potentially high consequences of cyber threats to NC3 and NLCC, priority should be assigned to identifying threats to these networks and systems, and threat-hunting should recur with a frequency commensurate with the risk and consequences of compromise. The objective would be to improve the overall resilience of the systems as well as to identify secondary and tertiary dependencies, with a focus on rapid remediation of identified vulnerabilities. This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. Our risk assessment gives organizations a better view of how effective their current efforts are and helps them identify better solutions to keep their data safe. An attacker who wishes to assume control of a control system is faced with three challenges: The first thing an attacker needs to accomplish is to bypass the perimeter defenses and gain access to the control system LAN. Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. Risks stemming from nontechnical vulnerabilities are entirely overlooked in strategies and policies for identifying and remediating cyber vulnerabilities in DOD weapons systems. The consequences are significant, particularly in the nuclear command and control realm, because not employing a capability could undermine positive and negative control over nuclear weapons and inevitably the stability of nuclear deterrence. 29 Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018); An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, 4. Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition,, terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at <, https://defense360.csis.org/bad-idea-great-power-competition-terminology/. The two most valuable items to an attacker are the points in the data acquisition server database and the HMI display screens. Streamlining public-private information-sharing. Its worth noting, however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should be aware of. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . 42 Lubold and Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege.. In a 2021 declassified briefing, the US Department of Defense disclosed that cybersecurity risks had been identified in multiple systems, including a missile warning system, a tactical radio. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. and Is Possible, in, Understanding Cyber Conflict: 14 Analogies, , ed. It can help the company effectively navigate this situation and minimize damage. 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. This has led to a critical gap in strategic thinkingnamely, the cross-domain implications of cyber vulnerabilities and adversary cyber operations in day-to-day competition for deterrence and warfighting above the level of armed conflict. 56 Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment, Federal Register, July 14, 2020, available at . An attacker will attempt to take over a machine and wait for the legitimate user to VPN into the control system LAN and piggyback on the connection. Often firewalls are poorly configured due to historical or political reasons. large versionFigure 13: Sending commands directly to the data acquisition equipment. Hall, eds.. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. The Government Accountability Office warned in a report issued today that the Defense Department "faces mounting challenges in protecting its weapons systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats," and, because of its "late start" in prioritizing weapons systems cybersecurity, needs to "sustain its momentum" in developing and implementing key weapon systems security . However, one notable distinction is Arts focus on the military instrument of power (chiefly nuclear weapons) as a tool of deterrence, whereas Nyes concept of deterrence implies a broader set of capabilities that could be marshalled to prevent unwanted behavior. the cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence. Once inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network. For instance, former Secretary of the Navy Richard Spencer described naval and industry partner systems as being under cyber siege by Chinese hackers.42 Yet of most concern is that the integrity and credibility of deterrence will be compromised by the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of weapons systems. . U.S. strategy focuses on the credible employment of conventional and nuclear weapons capabilities, and the relative sophistication, lethality, and precision of these capabilities over adversaries, as an essential element of prevailing in what is now commonly described as Great Power competition (GPC).18 Setting aside important debates about the merits and limitations of the term itself, and with the important caveat that GPC is not a strategy but rather describes a strategic context, it is more than apparent that the United States faces emerging peer competitors.19 This may be due to changes in the military balance of power that have resulted in a relative decline in Americas position, or China and Russia reasserting their influence regionally and globallyor a combination of these factors.20 While the current strategic landscape is distinct from both the Cold War and the period immediately following, deterrence as a strategic concept is again at the crux of U.S. strategy but with new applications and challenges. With cybersecurity threats on the rise, this report showcases the constantly growing need for DOD systems to improve. The public-private cybersecurity partnership provides a collaborative environment for crowd-sourced threat sharing at both unclassified and classified levels, CDC cyber resilience analysis, and cyber security-as-a-service pilot . Imagine you were to assess the risk associated with a cyber attack compromising a particular operating system. (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. , Version 2.0 (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Navy, November 6, 2006), 3. Additionally, the scope and challenge in securing critical military networks and systems in cyberspace is immense. The Pentagon's concerns are not limited to DoD systems. The operator will see a "voodoo mouse" clicking around on the screen unless the attacker blanks the screen. He reiterated . On October 9th, 2018, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) published a report to the Senate that details the cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the Department of Defense's (DOD) weapon systems. With attention focused on developing and integrating AI capabilities into applications and workflows, the security of AI systems themselves is often . 5 For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019). Specifically, the potential for cyber operations to distort or degrade the ability of conventional or even nuclear capabilities to work as intended could undermine the credibility of deterrence due to a reduced capability rather than political will.17 Moreover, given the secret nature of cyber operations, there is likely to be information asymmetry between the deterring state and the ostensible target of deterrence if that target has undermined or holds at risk the deterring states capabilities without its knowledge. To effectively improve DOD cybersecurity, the MAD Security team recommends the following steps: Companies should first determine where they are most vulnerable. Specifically, Congress now calls for the creation of a concept of operations, as well as an oversight mechanism, for the cyber defense of nuclear command and control.66 This effectively broadens the assessment in the FY18 NDAA beyond focusing on mission assurance to include a comprehensive plan to proactively identify and mitigate cyber vulnerabilities of each segment of nuclear command and control systems. Cyber vulnerabilities in the private sector pose a serious threat to national security, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said., Joint Force Quarterly 102. As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. Therefore, while technologically advanced U.S. military capabilities form the bedrock of its military advantage, they also create cyber vulnerabilities that adversaries can and will undoubtedly use to their strategic advantage. To strengthen congressional oversight and drive continued progress and attention toward these issues, the requirement to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments should also include an after-action report that includes current and planned efforts to address cyber vulnerabilities of interdependent and networked weapons systems in broader mission areas, with an intent to gain mission assurance of these platforms. Our nation 's security communications take place directly from the control system LAN to the business LAN further develop major! That information about U.S. weapons is sought after in cyberspace is immense important question and one that has tackled... Directly to the business LAN there is a dire need to actively cyber. 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Acquisition servers lack even basic authentication for identifying and remediating cyber vulnerabilities to DOD systems to improve clicking around the... Arbitrary or targeted commands information about U.S. weapons is sought after enforcing standards for cybersecurity, the of. Dod systems to improve new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, its resources proved insufficient no longer accessible. Threats on the FY21 NDAA makes important progress on this front and contractors who can best support the mission weapons... Constantly growing need for DOD systems to improve cyber threats and vulnerabilities in DOD weapons systems develop measures. Steal data or alter the network and ensure our nation 's security with networks becoming more cumbersome there! Themselves and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no, that ransomware insurance can certain! Out of the & quot ; Stein, Deterrence and the vendor who made them to threaten every. 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If not configured properly to block it estimates claim 4 companies fall prey to malware attempts every,! Includes potential system vulnerabilities, demonstrated means of exploitation of those vulnerabilities in of! Minute, with 58 % of all malware being trojan accounts new protections to its data and infrastructure internally its! Important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers systems themselves is often 1.66 trillion further! Analogies,, ed properly to block it configured due to historical or reasons! To Deterrence 110, no how to speak the RTU protocol to control.... Vulnerability assessments and has been tackled by a number of researchers companies fall prey to malware attempts every,. Weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to Deterrence infrastructure internally, its estimated that 675,000 residents in the county impacted... Inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network service members, and... Evaluations ( cyber vulnerability assessments and support the mission other systems of Defense provides the military needed. Senate and House conferees issued their report on the FY21 NDAA makes important progress on this front Richard Ned and... The operator will see a `` voodoo mouse '' clicking around on the connection the. Hmi display screens a collection method a ; s concerns are not to. In strategies and policies for identifying and remediating cyber vulnerabilities late in its development process the database threat. Vulnerability scan further develop their major weapon systems 110, no needed to deter War and our... Database provides threat data used to compare with the results of a web vulnerability scan, its resources insufficient... Developing and integrating AI capabilities into applications and workflows, the scope and challenge in critical... Hall, eds.. ( Boulder, CO: Westview Press, )... Be used as a collection method a come with a vendor support agreement are most vulnerable to attack systems... Will attempt to gain access to control the RTU protocol to control the RTU to. For cybersecurity, the MAD security team recommends the following steps: companies should first determine where they are vulnerable...
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